THE CAMP DWELLERS. 143 
the Pima. They are believed to have left the lower 
Colorado not many generations ago. North of the 
Maricopa, along the Rio Verde and eastward toward 
the Tonto Basin, are the Yavapai, often called the 
Mohave-Apache. They have acquired the latter name 
because of their close association with the Apache, to 
whom their relation is analogous to that existing 
between the Maricopa and the Pima. In Cataract 
Canyon, a branch of the Grand Canyon, live the Hava- 
supai during the summer. They are in friendly rela- 
tions with the Hopi and in trading relations with the 
Navajo. To the west of the Havasupai on the plateau 
south of the Colorado River and north of Bill Williams 
Creek are the Walapai. 
Between the Rio Verde and the Colorado, west of 
the country of the Yavapai, formerly lived a tribe 
popularly called Yuma Apache, for whom the name 
Tulkepaia is also known. They were placed on the San 
Carlos Reservation in 1875, and seem to have become 
merged with the Yavapai with whom they had a com- 
mon language. 
SHELTERS. 
These nomadic tribes do not show a great degree of 
uniformity either in their material culture or in their 
religion. We shall find their houses, their methods of 
securing food, and their social habits changing as we 
pass from tribe to tribe. 
Both of the eastern bands of the Apache, the Jicarilla 
and the Mescalero, live in skin-covered tipis which 
differ in no important respect from those used by the 
Plains Indians. The Mescalero sometimes make brush 
shelters as well, and perhaps always made a practice of 
using them when they were in the mountains. When 
