158 INDIANS OF THE SOUTHWEST. 
is of sumach, willow, or cottonwood, and is prepared as 
has been described above. No dyes are employed; 
but for black, the outer portion of the dried pods of the 
martynia, sometimes called devil’s claw, is used. The 
patterns are continuous, radiating from the center in 
zigzags or in bands encircling the basket. The designs 
are often geometrical and apparently are not symbolic. 
There are many baskets with zigzag lines which usually 
have names referring to the lightning. It is probable 
that considerable feeling and importance attach to 
such designs. The Yavapai perhaps produce the more 
beautiful baskets, frequently depicting men and animals 
conventionalized to meet the requirements of basket 
work. Carrying baskets of the Western Apache are 
twined and are made of the same materials employed 
by the Mescalero. In twining, two rods of the founda- 
tion are enclosed each time between the twists of the 
twining strands. Strips and fringes of buckskin are 
used on these baskets for further ornamentation. They 
generally make their water Jars by twining. They give 
them a coat of red ochre and finely pounded juniper 
leaves before the pifon pitch is applied. This pitch is 
first reduced in consistency by boiling, which requires 
great care to prevent the distilling vapor from taking 
fire. The pitch is applied to both the interior and the 
outer surface of the vessels. | 
The baskets of the Havasupai and Walapai are 
similar, but are less skillfully made and not so finely 
ornamented. . 
Weaving. It is not known that any of the camp- 
dwelling peoples raised cotton or manufactured cloth 
by weaving before the coming of the Spanish. 
That sheep were introduced into the Southwest in 
the seventeenth century we know, for certain of the Rio 
Grande villages are credited with flocks of sheep at 
