MILITARY HYGIENE 85 



The deadly work of the fly in carrying typhoid fever is illustrated by 

 graphic presentations of typhoid statistics of the Spanish-American 

 War and of the relation between flies and "summer disease" of children, 

 as worked out by the Association for Improving the Condition of the 

 Poor in New York City. 



Nearby are two models showing unsanitary and sanitary conditions 

 on a small farm. In one, pools of stagnant water and uncovered manure 

 heaps and general uncleanliness favor the breeding of mosquitoes and 

 flies, while the open doors and windows give these insects free access to 

 the house. In the other, the swampy land is drained and cultivated, the 

 windows screened, the shallow-dug well replaced by a driven well; the 

 conditions are sanitary, and health and prosperity replace sickness and 

 poverty. 



Various types of traps for larva? and adult flies are shown with models 

 illustrating how fly-breeding may be prevented, how human wastes may 

 be protected from their access, and how manure may be cared for so 

 as not to be a medium for breeding flies. 



The next wall case shows a group of the natural enemies of the fly: 

 the cock, phebe, swift, the bat, spiders and centipedes, in characteristic 

 surroundings as they may be seen in the corner of a New York State 

 farm on a late August afternoon. Adjoining this case is a series of re- 

 markable colored drawings of fifteen of the principal species of flies 

 found in eastern North America. 



One wall case is devoted to the subject of military hygiene, which 

 has become of such immediate moment and has, on the whole, been so 

 Military successfully solved during the Great War. Diagrams 



Hygiene illustrate the relative deadliness of disease germs and 



bullets in earlier wars ; and their lesson is reinforced by a representation 

 of the relative importance of injuries received in action and ofj the 

 results of typhoid fever, during the Spanish War. One company, con- 

 fronted by a cannon, suffers the loss of one man wounded, while the 

 other, facing a tube of typhoid germs, has one dead and thirteen in the 

 hospital. Other models show how camp wastes are disposed of, and how 

 water supply is sterilized, and still others, how the soldier's tent is 

 protected against mosquitoes and how a field hospital is equipped. The 

 field ration of the soldier and the preparation of anti-typhoid vaccine 

 are illustrated by specimens and models. 



Two tree trunks, one normal and the other infested with fungi as a 

 Vital result of mechanical injury, illustrate the important fact 



Resistance that the normal plant or animal is able to resist disease, 

 and Disease w hQ e anything which tends to lower vital resistance may 

 open the way for the invasion of pathogenic germs. 



