EC 
THE MAYAN CIVILIZATION 91 
appears as a general indication of divinity. ‘The 
Ceremonial Bar, essentially a two-headed serpent 
carrying in its mouths the heads of an important god, 
Sy) 
Calais 
Fig. 33. The Ceremonial Bar. A Two-Headed Serpent held in 
the Arms of Human Beings on Stelae: a, Stela P, Copan; 5, Stela 
N, Copan. 
Fig. 34. The 
Manikin Scepter, a 
Grotesque Figure 
with one Leg modi- 
fied into a Serpent. 
is one of the earliest religious objects. 
The heads that appear in the mouths 
are usually those of a Roman-nosed 
or of a Long-nosed god. Other re- 
presentations of divinities are com- 
bined with the Two-headed Dragon 
that also has reptilian characters; 
still others appear as headdresses and 
masks on human figures. Strange to 
say, the gods are supplementary to the 
human figures on all the early sculp- 
tures. In the codices, however, they 
are represented apart from man, as 
engaged in various activities and con- 
tests. Mayan religion was clearly 
organized on a dualistic basis. The 
powers for good are in a constant 
