\! \ I I i;i \i. I I i. ii EU 81 



in digging edible roots and almost exclusively by women. 

 tit is important to note the symbolic survival of this 

 implement in the sun dance bundle of the Blackfoot, 

 p. 117). Some curious agricultural implements are to 

 be f ound in the Hidatsa collection, especially hoes made 

 from the shoulder blades of buffalo. The latter have 

 been reported from the Pawnee, Arikara, and Mandan. 



Pipes. The Eastern Dakota have long been famous 



for the manufacture of pipes from catlinite or red pipe- 

 stone which even in prehistoric times seems to have 

 been distributed by trade. Some pipes in the Museum 

 were collected in 1840 and are of the types described 

 by Catlin and other early writers. Many of the 

 Milage tribes used pottery pipes. Among the Assini- 

 boin, Gros Ventre, and Blackfoot, a black stone was 

 used for a Woodland type of pipe. In the Plateau area, 

 the pipes were smaller than elsewhere and usually 

 made from steatite. The Hidatsa and Mandan used 

 a curiously shaped pipe, as may be seen from the 

 collection. It is much like the Arapaho sacred tribal 

 flat pipe. Occasionally, a straight tubular pipe was 

 used. Among the Cheyenne in particular, this was a 

 bone reinforced with sinew. Also, it seems to have 

 been generally known to the Kiowa and Arapaho. 

 Among the Blackfoot and Dakota, it is usually a simple 

 stone tube with a stem. This form is everywhere 

 exceptional and usually ceremonial. 



The large medicine-pipe, or ceremonial, of the Black- 

 foot Indians, conspicuously displayed in the hall is 

 scarcely to be considered under this head (see p. Ill), 



