I; l LIGION \\l> I I Ki MONIES L 13 



brotherhood. This ceremony is reported among the 

 Pawnee, Omaha, Ponca, Mandan, and Dakota, and 

 according to tradil ion, originated with the Pawnee. The 

 use of either type of pipe bundle seems not to have 

 reached the western tribes. One singular thing is that 

 in all these medicine-pipes, it is the stem that is sacred, 

 often it is not even perforated, is frequently without a 

 howl, and in any event rarely actually smoked. It is 

 thus clear that the whole is highly symbolic. 



The war bundles of the Osage have not been in- 

 vestigated but seem to belong to a type widely distrib- 

 uted among the Pawnee, Sauk and Fox, Menomini, and 

 Winnebago of the Woodland area. Among the Black- 

 foot, there is a special development of the bundle 

 scheme in that they recognize the transferring of bundles 

 and amulets to other persons together with the compact 

 between the original owner and the divine element. 

 The one receiving the bundle pays a handsome sum to 

 the former owner. This buying and selling of medi- 

 cines is so frequent that many men have at one time 

 and another owned all the types of bundles in the tribe. 



The greatest bundle development, however, seems 

 to rest with the Pawnee, one of the less typical Plains 

 tribes, whose whole tribal organization is expressed in 

 bundle rituals and their relations to each other. For 

 example, the Skidi Pawnee, the tribal division best 

 known, base their religious and governmental authority 

 upon a series of bundles at the head of which is the 

 Eveningstar bundle. The ritual of this bundle recites 

 the order and purpose of the Creation and is called 



