6 THE MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS OF THE INCAS. 
Tschudi has published three Peruvian elegiac songs or haravis * 
which he says “‘ might serve to test the musical knowledge of the 
ancient Peruvians,” but an examination of these pieces is very 
disappointing. Carl Engel remarks: 
“At all events they must have been tampered with, as they ex- 
hibit exactly the form of the Spanish bolero. Even allowing that the 
melodies of these compositions have been derived from Peruvian 
haravis, it is impossible to determine with any degree of certainty 
how much in them has been retained of the original tunes, and how 
much has been supplied besides the harmony, which is entirely an 
addition of the European arranger.”’ ” 
The first and simplest element of music is rhythm, and in 
singing or dancing a desire for some sound that shall clearly 
mark it is universal; hence, in the absence of musical instru- 
ments, the custom of snapping the fingers, clapping the hands, 
beating the hips and stamping the feet; and I am inclined to 
follow Rowbotham 3 in believing that the art of instrumental 
music in prehistoric times passed through three stages, which 
may be designated the ““drum”’ type, the “pipe”’ type, and the 
“lyre” type. The first type includes all instruments of percus- 
sion, as drums, rattles, gongs, castanets, etc.; the second, all 
wind instruments, and the third, all stringed instruments. In 
support of this theory he cites the evidence furnished by the 
mechanical complexity of the instruments themselves. The 
drum is the simplest form; the pipe is more complex than 
the drum; and the lyre, which makes use of stretched strings, 
is the most complex of all. 
That the drum was the first instrument of primitive man is 
strenuously opposed by Wallaschek, who says: 
‘““The most ancient discoveries (from the youth of mankind) of 
flutes and pipes, but not of drums, are definite facts which no specu- 
lation can put aside, and I am rather inclined to believe that Wagener 
was correct in saying that a wind instrument was undoubtedly the 
first. 4 
t Antigttedades Peruanas, pp. 135, 136. 
? Musical Instruments, p. 79. 
3 Journal Anthro. Institute Gr. Brit. and Ireland, Vol. X, pp. 380-381. 
4 Primitive Music, p. 84. 
