12 THE MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS OF THE INCAS. 
consisting of eight reeds of graduated lengths, held in position 
by a crosspiece of split cane lashed to the reeds with a cord 
made of the wool of the llama. This pipe has all the reeds open 
at the lower ends, and yieids the following scale: 
BVA tre err cer corr crs cr rcrr 
ae eee 
Ps 3 oe A ee 
Other Pan-pipes are found with reeds closed at the lower end; 
and still another form has a double set of the same dimensions, 
—one set open at the bottom and the other closed, those of 
corresponding length being placed opposite each other. By this 
arrangement octaves are produced, the closing of a pipe at one 
end, as is well known, lowering its pitch an octave. This same 
law is utilized by the modern organ builder in the employment 
of the so-called open and stopped diapasons. 
A curious and unique syrinx of stone is shown as fig. 3 of 
Plate III. The illustration is made from a plaster cast. The 
original, which was procured by the French general Paroissien, 
is made of greenish talc, and is said to have been found on a 
mummy ina Peruviantomb. This interesting specimen has been 
described at length by Carl Engel.1 Figs. 1 and 2 of Plate IV 
represent water jars, in human form, made of terra cotta; both 
figures are represented in the act of playing the Pan- ge 
Garcilasso says: 
“In music they arrived to a certain harmony, in which the Indians 
of Colla did more particularly excel, having been the inventors of a 
certain pipe made of canes glued together, every one of which having 
a different note of higher and lower, in the manner of organs, made 
a pleasing music by the dissonancy of sounds: treble, tenor and bass, 
exactly corresponding and answering each to other; with these pipes 
they often played in consort, and made tolerable music, though they 
wanted the quavers, semiquavers, airs, and many voices which per- 
fect the harmony amongst us.”’ ” 
These pipes are as popular with the modern Indians as they 
™ Musical Instruments, p. 66. 
? Royal Commentaries of Peru, Ed. Rycaut, Part I, Book Il, Chap. XIV. 
