62 PEOPLES OF THE PHILIPPINES 
of a small field is enormous. Like most of their neigh- 
bors, the Ifugao are exceedingly industrious, working 
at their agriculture with an assiduity in which the 
Christian Filipino rarely attempts to share. They are 
broken up into innumerable small groups which were 
constantly in feud with each other. But with all the 
unsettlement of daily life they have worked out an 
elaborate and interesting system of law. 
North of Bontok and Ifugao lives a miscellaneous 
assemblage of tribes usually thrown together under the 
group name Kalinga, which means nothing more than 
“enemy.” They are about half as numerous as the 
Ifugao, and the second largest pagan group in the 
islands. The Kalinga are exceedingly heterogeneous. 
Their customs differ markedly from locality to locality, 
and their idioms appear to vary no less. It seems that 
at least five principal groups of Kalinga can be recog- 
nized. An attempt to indicate these subdivisions has 
been made on the map. The original affiliations of the 
Kalinga as a whole seem to have been with the Cagayan, 
as might be expected from their residence on streams 
which drain directly into the Cagayan River. South- 
eastward from them are the remnants of the wild Gad- 
dang. It is possible that when fuller information be- 
comes available these should be included as a Kalinga 
division. 
One other pagan group remains in Luzon, the Ilongot 
of the extreme headwaters of the Cagayan, where they 
border on the Ilokano and the Tagalog of the province 
of Nueva Ecija. They are separated from all the 
preceding wild tribes by tracts that are either unin- 
habited or settled by Christians. The territory of the 
Ilongot is excessively rugged and has been only partially 
explored. They live in much scattered small units and 
their numbers are very limited, probably not exceeding 
