
70 PEOPLES OF THE PHILIPPINES 
Mongoloid group. The same is true in the Philippines. 
The Bontok in Luzon and the Bagobo in Mindanao 
are, physically, proto-Malayan; the Ilokano and the — 
Sulu belong to the second racial stratum. Now every- 
thing would be much simpler, and our theories of racial 
and historical development ever so much stronger, if 
Bontok and Bagobo proved to be only variants of one 
primary division of East Indian speech, and Ilokano 
-and Sulu common members of another. The reverse 
is actually the case. Bontok and [lokano affiliate, and 
again Bagobo and Sulu. The speech of the primitive 
and later types on the same island is more closely 
related than the speech of two primitive—or two later— 
groups on different islands. In short, so far as language 
relations are concerned, geographical position and not 
adherence to a particular racial type is clearly the 
determining factor. 4 
A classification of the Philippine languages among 
themselves reveals at least five larger groups. 
1. Northeastern Luzon: Ibanag (Cagayan), Gad- 
dang, Kalinga, Apayao, [longot. 
2. Northwestern Luzon: Ilokano, Pangasinan, Ting- 
gian, Bontok, Kankanai, Nabaloi, Isinai, probably 
Ifugao and Bataan, perhaps Sambal. 
3. North Central Luzon: Pampanga—perhaps a — 
diversified offshoot from the next. : 
4. Central region: Tagalog, Bikol, Bisaya. 
5. Mindanao. The languages of this island are too 
imperfectly known to allow of their certain placing. 
They show some similarities to Bisaya, but may con- 
stitute a distinct group, or even more than one. 
The position of the languages of Palawan and 
Mindoro, as of Sambal, remains obscure. 

