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78 PEOPLES OF THE PHILIPPINES 
seriously pressed for subsistence. In this way it is 
conceivable that the establishment of agriculture might 
itself incline for a very long time to perpetuate the 
hunting stage in closely adjacent regions. This con- 
clusion is particularly applicable to the Philippines, 
where we know that the bulk of the population has long 
been concentrated on the coast. 
As regards domesticated animals, it is notable that the 
Filipino kept only three besides the dog. These are the 
common fowl, the pig, and the carabao or water buffalo. 
All three of these varieties also occur wild on the islands, 
the chicken as the jungle fowl, the pig probably as a 
variety originally wild, whereas it is doubtful whether 
the buffalo is native or has been introduced by man. 
Cattle and sheep were not known in the Philippines 
until after the arrival of the Europeans. Horses and 
goats are bred by some of the natives of Mindanao, but 
there is every indication that these were introduced by 
the Mohammedans, or at the utmost during the last 
phase of the period of Hindu influence. 
The buffalo is now used both as a draught animal and 
for riding, but there seems to be no record of its being 
kept for any other purpose than food in the pre- 
European period. In fact, wheeled vehicles were un- 
known and roads on which they could have been used 
did not exist. Even today, the more remote pagans of 
Luzon keep their buffaloes only to slaughter them. 
It is also not native practice in the Philippines to 
milk the buffalo or to utilize any dairy products. This 
is a habit characteristic not only of the East Indies, but 
of southeastern Asia. 
Perhaps the most notable thing about the place of 
domesticated animals in primitive Filipino life is the 
fact that animals are never killed other than for a 
sacrifice, and that the flesh of sacrificed animals is always 

