
82 PEOPLES OF THE PHILIPPINES 
admiration of all observers. These terraces and ditches 
involve an amount of labor, for maintenance as well as 
construction, that is almost unparalleled among peoples 
who in other traits of civilization have remained as un- 
civilized as these mountaineers. 
The immediate stimulus is no doubt the bene con- 
gestion of population, which in parts of Bontok, Ifugao, 
and Kalinga today attains to a hundred and more souls 

Fig. 13. Nabaloi Women weeding a Terraced Rice Field. 
per square mile. Other tribes of Luzon, such as the 
Apayao, and most of the pagans of Mindanao, grow only 
upland rice; but in every such case the population is 
very much smaller. The Apayao for instance hold a 
larger territory than the Ifugao with perhaps one-fifth 
of their population. And Mindanao as a whole appears 
always to have had not nearly as many inhabitants 

