

THE MATERIAL SIDES OF LIFE 107 
belong at the present time, besides the Negritos, some 
of the more remote pagans. Many of the unconverted 
nationalities, however, have long since not only obtained 
the material, but learned to work it: the Tinggian, the 
Kalinga, the Bontok, the Bagobo, and the Mandaya, 
all pagans, are smiths. At the time of discovery the 
majority of Philippine nations were in this condition. 
They knew how to work the metal, but did not yet 
obtain a sufficient supply to meet all their wants; so 
that iron and bamboo-tipped spears, for instance, were 
used side by side. 
Fig. 20. Steel Fighting Ax. Kalinga. 

This condition was the consequence of the iron in- 
dustry not being native to the Philippines. It obviously 
reached them probably by way of Borneo, from peoples 
among whom the art was already well developed. At 
first, manufactured articles are likely to have been in- 
troduced; subsequently, the raw material was imported 
in trade, and with it the knowledge of working it. The 
operations of mining and smelting were not understood. 
In fact, very little advancement has been made in this 
direction through the past four centuries, possibly 
