
THE MATERIAL SIDES OF LIFE 123 
northern Luzon has remained more backward. Among 
the Tinggian, Kalinga, and Apayao, the jacket is worn, 
but among other mountain tribes it is rather rarely put 
on and some groups continue to do altogether without 
it. This article of clothing is thus clearly not aborigi- 
nally primitive on the one hand, nor very recent on the 
other. Its introduction into the islands appears to be 
pre-Mohammedan; and, like so many other things in 
Filipino civilization, its original source is almost 
certainly to be looked for on the mainland of Asia and 
therefore probably in India. 
The third piece of dress which the Filipino put on in 
his history, was his trousers. Like the jacket or any 
tailored garments, trousers were of course adopted only 
after true cloth was in general use. Bark cloth is un- 
suitable, and skins the Filipino scarcely used. The 
trousers were usually short, both in the waist and the 
leg. Knee length was the most customary. 
Trousers are likely to have been a Mohammedan 
introduction. The Bagobo and other pagans of Minda- 
nao quite obviously wear them as a result of contact 
with the Moros. The Bisaya and Tagalog were still 
using the breechclout when the Spaniards first saw 
them. The pagans of Luzon do not wear breeches 
today, except so far as they have sporadically taken 
them up in imitation of the Christians, who in turn cut 
their trousers on the European model. The _ pre- 
Christian center of distribution of this garment is 
therefore clearly the Mohammedan region. 
Shoes are very little worn by any of the natives even 
at the present time. In the old days, every variety of 
footwear seems to have been wholly unknown. 
Headwear. As in so many other parts of the 
world, the head, as the most conspicuous part of the 
body, was adorned long before there was thought of 
