SOCIETY 143 
headway. Among all the pagans encountered by the 
Spaniards, or still remaining such, the native attitude 
may be defined as a complete freedom from any assump- 
tion that men and women differ in rank or otherwise 
than as nature provides in giving them different bodies. 
In short, the inevitable physiological differences are 
recognized, but they are not used as a starting point 
from which social distinctions or restrictions are de- 
veloped as by so many other nations. The Filipino 
may well be described as an unconscious and thorough- 
going feminist. 
Not only are descent and relationship reckoned 
equally through father and mother, or son and daughter, 
but the terms applied to kindred are normally identical. 
The Filipino says ‘‘uncle”’ as we do, whereas many or 
most nations of similar cultural level distinguish care- 
fully between the father’s brother and the mother’s 
brother, as if a kinsman related to one through a woman 
must necessarily be a different kind of kinsman from 
him who is related through a male. Often, too, the cor- 
responding relatives of different sex are included under 
a single term by the Filipino: apo is neither grandfather 
nor grandmother but grandparent; only when the sex 
is specifically to be emphasized are words for ‘‘man”’ 
and ‘“‘ woman” added. 
The division of labor has none of the hardened rigidity 
which most uncivilized peoples observe. Men of course 
do the fighting, hunting, carpentering, and all violent 
work. They also sit in council or rule, as the case may 
be. But this simply means that women are normally 
less fitted by nature and disposition than men to engage 
in certain pursuits; and most other activities are in- 
discriminately followed by both sexes, or only more 
inclined to by one than the other. An American Indian 
would stamp himself as unmanly and ridiculous if he 
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