
158 PEOPLES OF THE PHILIPPINES 
field is sold, nearly twice the stipulated price is actually 
paid, the additions consisting in part of lwkbu or fees to 
witnesses and agents, and in part of gifts to the kin of | 
the seller. The latter receive about one-half as much as 
the amount paid over to the owner, and the witnesses 
about one-quarter. 
Similar economic conditions prevail among the Bon- 
tok. A field containing six thousand square feet is 
valued at two buffaloes or a hundred pesos. This is 
about seven hundred pesos per acre. If the field is 
rented, the landlord receives one-third of the crop. The 
gross yield, under his own cultivation, is about ten 
percent of the value of the field. The richest man in 
Bontok pueblo owns thirteen fields worth something 
over three thousand pesos. His personal property, 
consisting of buffaloes, pigs, stored rice, ornaments, and 
heirlooms, brings his total wealth to about ten thousand 
pesos. Wages are exceptionally low, averaging five 
centavos a day. Asa fowl is worth ten times as much, 
and a pig averages perhaps eight pesos, it is obvious 
that even bare subsistence on the wage alone would be 
quite impossible. As a matter of fact, the laborer re- 
ceives his food in addition to the wage. 
The minuteness with which these head-hunting 
mountaineers value everything, even to immaterial 
possessions or privileges, is really remarkable. The 
appended list of Ifugao appraisals is representative. 
It is clear that the economic development of the native 
had far outstripped his technical, social, political, and 
intellectual progress. 
While the valuations are here given in pesos or Ameri- 
ean half dollars, the actual basis of reckoning, both 
among the Bontok and the Ifugao, is the handful of 
rice in the stalk the Spanish, manojo. The Bontok call 
this finge; the Ifugao, botek. Its value among the latter 
