
160 PEOPLES OF THE PHILIPPINES 
Trade. As might be expected, trade is consider- 
ably developed. The pagan tribes do not transport very 
far; but articles that are sought after are frequently 
passed through a succession of groups. Manufactured 
articles as well as raw materials form the objects of this 
commerce. Frequently a particular industry is special- 
ized at a given point, which then supplies a considerable 
district with its ware. Thus, in the region of Bontok, 
Samoki district makes and exports pottery; Baliwang, 
steel head-axes; Agawa, brass pipes; Sagada, cloth. 
In the same way, Barlig trades rattan, resin, and wax to 
other communities; Mayinit, salt; Tinglayan, tobacco; 
Suyok, gold. In these last cases natural supply is 
obviously the determining factor; but the localization 
of industries appears to be rather a matter of custom. 
This condition is so definitely stabilized as to lend 
a strangely civilized flavor to the industrial life of these 
otherwise so primitive tribes. 
War. With all his gentleness of manner, the Fili- 
pino, like other East Indians, must be accounted a man 
of courage. He holds human life cheaply, and often 
his own as well as that of others. If his bravery on - 
occasion melts into panic, such is the almost inevitable 
outcome of undisciplined combat. His failure over most 
of the islands to maintain his independence against the 
Spaniard is proof only of the inefficiency of his political 
organization: the Moros, who as already mentioned 
were consolidated into kingdoms and subkingdoms 
instead of divided by innumerable feuds, thereby pre- 
served their freedom much longer. 
Fighting was a chronic act of Philippine society, and 
the man lacking in personal courage enjoyed but the 
slightest esteem, whatever his hereditary station in life. 
But the endless conflicts scarcely ever rose to the dignity 
of wars, because of inability of the local groups to form 
