
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 213 
was not Hindu but Western: the use of iron, religious 
divination and sacrifice, for instance. Secondly, at 
least the bulk and perhaps all of the Indian importation 
took place through the mechanism not of Hindus but of 
more or less Hinduized Malaysians who visited or 
settled the Philippines from other parts of the East 
Indies. 
Chinese civilization affected the Philippines later and 
much more sparingly than Indian. ‘The significant 
trait of Chinese relations is that they introduced 
materials and products, but neither ideas nor institu- 
tions. ' 
Mohammedanism cut deep, but began to come late— 
little more than five centuries ago,—spread over only 
a small part of the islands, and was then almost com- 
pletely arrested by the Spaniards. Law, knowledge, 
writing, political organization, some handicrafts, were 
thoroughly made over in the south of the archipelago 
in the wake of this dominating religious cult. 
The Spaniards gave a semi-European impress to the 
life of nine-tenths of the Philippine people. They 
introduced Catholicism and letters and caused con- 
siderable remodelling of economic and industrial con- 
ditions, besides causing a steady and large increase of 
population. 
The changes due to Americans have been great, con- 
sidering the scant twenty years involved. They may 
be summarized as having been remarkably efficient in 
the direction of bringing the more backward nation- 
alities of the islands nearer participation in contempo- 
raneous Western civilization; but for that very reason 
fall outside the scope of ethnology. 
The strains or components of hereditary race and 
acquired civilization differ not only in number but in 
the following respect. Nearly every Philippine people 
