MODEKX PUKBLOS. 67 



Besides these inhabited villages, others are men- 

 tioned as having; been recently destro^'ed b}' a Plains 

 tribe, the Teya, possibly the Comanche. 



Castaneda summarizes the Rio Grande region with a 

 statement that these sixty-six villages were scattered 

 over a distance of 130 leagues having the province of 

 Tiguex near the middle with a combined population of 

 20,000 men. 



It appears that the area which ruins show once to 

 have been inhabited by sedentary peoples had been re- 

 duced nearly half at the time the Spanish first entered 

 the country, and the number of inhabited villages to- 

 day is much smaller than when Coronado visited them 

 in 1540. The Pueblo of Pecos, those of the Galisteo 

 Valley, and of the Salinas district, and all those on the 

 Rio Grande. south of Isleta are in ruins. 



Nor are more than one or two of the pueblos situated 

 exactly as they were in 1540. Immediately after the 

 rebellion, the pueblos in less easily defended situations 

 were deserted and rebuilt in more secure locations. 

 The inhabitants of San Ildefonso took refuge on the top 

 of Black Mesa; those of Cochiti left their village on the 

 slope of the mesa and rebuilt it on the top, where they 

 were joined by refugees from other pueblos. Nearly 

 all the Hopi villages were also moved at that time to 

 mesa tops. The inhabitants of Zuni went to the top 

 of Thunder Mountain. Although some of the pueblos 

 were captured by the Spanish and certain abandoned 

 pueblos were burned during the re-conquest, most of 

 the changes in location seem to have been made volun- 

 tarily in anticipation of Spanish vengeance. 



