/O INDIANS OF TIIK SOUTHWEST. 



j)()sts supj)()rting the two ina.iii locji" beams, they are 

 said to be entirely without furnishings. The Keresan 

 kivas of which there are always two to a village, known 

 as the sunnner and winter kivas, are said in some 

 instances to be permanently decorated wdth the pic- 

 tures of the animals associated in mythology and cere- 

 monies with the cardinal points. The kivas of San 

 Juan and Santa Clara are rectangular and above ground 

 and those of Jemez and Acoma are included in the regu- 

 lar house structure differing externally from ordinary 

 rooms only in the projection of ladder tops. 



The Hopi frequently place their kivas on the side of 

 the mesa so that the wall of the kiva on one side is 

 exposed to light and air w^hile the roof is still kept level 

 with the surface of the mesa. They are all rectangular, 

 about twenty-five feet long and half as broad. The 

 floor, w^hich is generally paved with stone, is in two 

 levels. The higher portion a foot above the other 

 occupies about one third the entire floor space. This 

 is reserved for spectators. In the lower part, there is a 

 fireplace, a mere rectangular pit placed in the center 

 directly under the hatchw^ay; and at one end there is a 

 small cavity covered by a plank in which is cut a hole 

 furnished with a close fitting plug. These represent 

 the lower world and the place of emergence through 

 which the people and animals originally came to this 

 world, and through it the deities are now supposed to 

 come during the ceremonies. Along the sides of the 

 room are placed slabs provided with holes to recei^'e 

 the posts of the looms which are usualh' set up and used 



