MODERN' PLKHLOS. 79 



places as well as workshops, the weaving usually being 

 done in them. They are generally spoken of as cere- 

 monial chambers and it is quite true that ceremonies 

 are held in them. The Hopi kivas, at least, are con- 

 structed with certain unmistakable adaptations to cere- 

 monial uses. In this connection, certain remarks of 

 Castaneda are of interest: — 



"The young men live in the estufas. . . .The houses belong to the 

 women, the estufas to the men. If a man repudiates his woman he has 

 to go to the estufa. It is forbidden for women to sleep in the estufas 

 or to enter these for any purpose excei)t to give their husbands or sons 

 something to eat." (Winship, 520, 521.) 



These statements suggest a very likely explanation 

 of the earlier uses of the kiva. It is very common in 

 the Pacific Islands and elsew^here for the unmarried 

 men to sleep in a large community dormitory. The 

 Yurok and the Hupa men in northwestern California, 

 whether married or single, slept in such a structure 

 throughout the winter months. 



Food. 



The method of securing food is always the central 

 fact in a people's existence around which social hfe, 

 art, and rehgion are largely built. There are consider- 

 able regions in North America where agriculture was not 

 practised. In the great plains the chief dependence 

 w^as upon the buffalo, while on the North Pacific Coast 

 the people lived largely on fish. The inhabitants of 



