22 INDIANS OF THE SOUTHWEST. 



Valley are many large ruins. Some of them are in the 

 valley of the Rio Chama; many of them are on the 

 mesas of the Pajarito tableland south of it; and others 

 are in the Canyon Rito de los Frijoles. In the Valle}^ 

 of the Rio Grande itself and along its eastern tribu- 

 taries, are ruins older than the Spanish era, others which 

 were deserted during the rebellion, 1680-1692, and a 

 number of villages which have persisted until the 

 present day. 



Pecos. The Pueblo of Pecos on the river of that name 

 was occupied until 1838. In prehistoric times there 

 were many pueblos for 40 miles along the vallej-. Be- 

 tween the Rio Pecos and the Rio Grande there are 

 many ruins and evidences of former occupation by a 

 sedentary, pottery-making people. Some of these 

 ruins, notably those known as Abo, Quara, Tabira or 

 Gran Quivira were still occupied under Spanish rule. 



Gila. Along the upper tributaries of the Gila and 

 Salt Rivers there are evidences of a dense population 

 which occupied cliff-dwellings and community houses 

 standing in the valleys. Further dow^l these rivers, 

 the houses were mostly built with mud walls; only 

 mounds of earth and boulders marking the outlines of 

 the walls remain. Not far from Florence, Arizona, near 

 the Gila River is a large and noted ruin called Casa 

 Grande. A number of houses were surrounded b}' a ^ 

 wall. These are of peculiar construction and resemble 

 ruins in Chihuahua, Mexico, known as Casas Grandes. 

 The Rio Verde which flows into the Salt from the 

 north has a great number and a great variety of ruins 



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