KXJ INDIANS OF THE SOUTHWEST. 



all coiTinninal work such as that on the irrigation 

 ditches and the eoininunal hunt. In earlier times he 

 led the war expeditions and had charge of the defense 

 of the pueblo. He is the executive officer of the council 

 and carries out its decrees. These frequently have 

 involved the death of persons suspected of witchcraft. 



The Hopi pueblos each have a village chief, a crier 

 chief, and a war chief who hold their positions for life. 

 One of the members of each clan is usually recognized 

 as its head and controls the kiva and the house room 

 which is looked upon as the clan home. 



The older methods of defensive warfare are well 

 illustrated in the accounts of conflicts between the 

 Spanish and certain pueblos in the sixteenth century. 

 At Zuiii the men withdrew to the housetops and pulled 

 up the ladders. When the Spanish advanced within 

 reach, arrows were discharged and stones were thrown 

 down. The women, children, and old men had been 

 sent to other villages or to Thunder Mountain. Similar 

 methods were resorted to at Tiguex where a besieged 

 pueblo held out for many months because occasional 

 falls of snow furnished a fresh supply of water. Pecos, 

 which had a wall and a spring inside, was said by 

 Castafieda to have resisted successfully' the attacks 

 of Plains Indians. 



The weapons used were bows and arrows, a stone- 

 headed club, and a stick half a yard long, set with 

 flints which Espejo says would split a man asunder. 

 For the protection of the warriors, shields of rawhide, 

 leather jackets, and head pieces of leather are men- 

 tioned. 



