132 INDIANS OF THE SOUTHWEST. 



Shoshonean. North of the San Juan and at its head- 

 waters are the Southern Ute whose language is Sho- 

 shonean, connected with the Hopi. They are within 

 the territory which has been incUided in this handbook 

 because in it are some of the most important ruins and 

 other evidences of its having once been a part of this 

 culture area. 



Between Bill William Creek and the Needles a band 

 of Shoshonean speaking people, the Chemehuevi, 

 formerly lived, occupying both sides of the Colorado. 

 They were friends of their Yuman speaking neighbors 

 and probably settled among them a century or more 

 ago as the Maricopa are known to have done among 

 the Pima. 



Shelter. 



These nomadic tribes do not show a great degree of 

 uniformity either in their material culture or in their 

 religion. We shall find their houses, their methods of 

 securing food, and their social habits changing as we 

 pass from tribe to tribe. 



Both of the eastern bands of the Apache, the Jicarilla 

 and the Alescalero, and also the Ute, lived in skin- 

 covered tipis which differ in no important respect from 

 those used by the Plains Indians. The ]\Iescalero 

 sometimes make brush shelters as well, and perhaps 

 always made a practice of using them when they were 

 in the mountains. When on the treeless plains nothing 

 was so desirable as an easily portable dwelling of skins 

 or canvas. 



