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INSECTS AND DISEASE 
adult may stand while stretching itself before it flies away to 
perpetuate its species, perhaps at the expense of ours. Studies on a 
common fresh-water mosquito (Culex pipiens) made at the American 
Museum showed that at 20° C. the cycle was completed in 19.6 
days, at 25° in 11.7 days, and at 30° in 7.8 days. 
In the vicinity of New York City there are three fairly common 
species of Anopheles: punctipennis, crucians, and what was formerly 
called maculipennis, more recently quadrimaculatus, but which prob- 
ably should be called guttulatus. Remembering Pope’s advice 
concerning the choice between the old and the new, we will use the 
name quadrimaculatus. 
Anopheles punctipennis is ‘a medium sized dark brown mosquito 
with the upper surface of the thorax dark brown at the sides and 
with several narrow lines of yellowish gray hairs appearing as one 
broad gray stripe in the center. The beak and legs are unbanded; 
the wings densely clothed with black and yellow scales, two large 
black patches and two smaller ones on the front margin especially 
conspicuous. The abdomen is dark brown, profusely scattered with 
yellowish brown hairs’ (Smith). The other two species to be 
mentioned here have no whitish spot on the front margin of the 
wings. 
Anopheles crucians ‘‘is brown, not quite as dark as punctipennis, 
with the thorax striped with grayish scales, the wing veins clothed 
with whitish and black scales, the black ones especially collected 
along the wing margin’ (Smith). The hindmost wing vein has 
three black spots separated by two yellowish-white ones. ‘This 
mosquito flies earlier in the evening and later in the morning than 
either punctipennis or quadrimaculatus, and has, for this reason, been 
called the Daylight Anopheles. 
Anopheles quadrimaculatus may be recognized by the four small 
dark spots on each of its yellowish wings. It is the species usually 
thought of in connection with malaria in this country and it has been 
observed to breed in brackish water as well as fresh. 
Little need be said concerning the other mosquitoes of northern 
regions, in connection with disease. They are troublesome on 
account of their biting habit, and for the same reason they are to be 
looked on with suspicion since they may be the unknown carriers 
of some disease. The females have relatively short palpi and the 
larve relatively long breathing siphons. In the South, however, 
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