6 HALL OF THE AGE OF MAN 
(at the left in Case I) are placed for 
comparison some of the known extinct 
or fossil races of man, each ascending 
along a line of its own. Copies of the 
most recent discoveries in various parts 
of the world are placed in this series; 
in fact, this entire exhibit is designed 
to show from time to time our progress 
in discovery, to present actual evidence 
in place of theories and speculations, 
and to show how very limited this evi- 
dence is as compared with the abundant 
evidence in the ancestry, for example, 
of the horse (shown in the hall of the 
Age of Mammals). 
The Most Ancient Human Races, 
Heidelberg and Piltdown 
Unquestionably the most ancient hu- 
man relic which has thus far been 
discovered is the jaw (see reproduc- 
tion in Case II, left) of the so-called 
Heidelberg man, a fossil which may be 
250,000 years old. From it has been 
modeled by McGregor the Heidelberg 
skull, which is very similar to the Ne- 
anderthal skull. The Heidelberg man 
may be ancestral to the Neanderthal 
man (shown in Case II), 
A few deep brown fragments of a 
skull and jaw and one tooth (see casts 
in Case II, at the right) represent all 
the remains known of the Piltdown 
man, discovered in England a few 
years ago. ‘Two reconstructions of the 
Piltdown skull have been made; the 
original by Professor A. Smith-Wood- 
ward in London, in the British Mu- 
seum, the second in this country by 
McGregor. The problem whether the 
Piltdown jaw belongs to this human 
skull or whether it belongs to a fossil 
chimpanzee is still not actually settled. 
The skull itself is of a rather fine type, 
with a flat forehead like that of the 
existing Bushmen of South Africa. 
The Neanderthal Race, the Missing 
Link 
The Neanderthal man represents the 
oldest fossil human race of which the 
skeleton is fully known. The remains 
are relatively abundant, and the Ameri- 
can Museum owns reproductions of 
many skulls and parts of skulls found 
during the last half century in Spain, 
Germany, France, and Hungary. Fore- 
most of these is the skullcap found 
near Diisseldorf, Germany, in 1856, 
which constitutes the type of the Nean- 
derthal race itself. 
Of great interest is the reconstruc- 
tion by McGregor of a Neanderthal 
female head, based upon a skull found 
at Gibraltar in 1848, which gives us 
the head characters of the women of 
this very primitive race. All the re- 
mains discovered of the Neanderthal 
men are represented by reproductions 
in the American Museum excepting 
one, that of La Quina, France, which 
has just been presented by the United 
States National Museum. 
Foremost in perfection is the skull 
from La Chapelle-aux-Saints, origi- 
nally restored by Professor Marcellin 
Boule and reconstructed by McGregor. 
The latter distinguished American ex- 
pert in the anatomy of paleolithic man 
is now engaged upon the reconstruction 
of the entire skeleton and body of the 
Neanderthal man. We may predict 
that this life-size Neanderthal model 
will be one of the most interesting ex- 
hibits in the American Museum when 
the work is finally completed after the 
many years of laborious study and re- 
search put upon it. 
The Neanderthal Flint Workers 
(Mural I) 
The mural of the Neanderthal group 
of flint workers shows in the distance, 
along the Dordogne River, herds of 
woolly rhinoceroses and woolly mam- 
moths. The center of interest is the 
flint industry, which, with the chase, 
occupied the entire energy of the Ne- 
anderthals. This group awaits the 
completion of the Neanderthal body 
restoration by McGregor. Since the 
Neanderthal type is totally different 

