
14 HALL OF THE AGE OF MAN 
the time of the Cré-Magnon race, and 
our knowledge of the mammoths, rein- 
deer, and rhinoceroses is derived from 
the actual Cré-Magnon paintings and 
etchings, chiefly those found within the 
caverns. ‘The murals of the four sea- 
sons are as follows: 
Midwinter.—The woolly rhinoceros 
in northern France. 
Late Winter.—The reindeer and 
mammoth on the river Somme, 
France. 
Midsummer.—The mastodon, royal 
bison, and horse on the Missouri 
River, in the latitude of Kansas. 
Autumn.—The deer-moose,  tapir, 
and giant beaver, in northern 
New Jersey. 
The Glacial Winter in Northern France 
The woolly rhinoceros, like the 
woolly mammoth, was heavily en- 
wrapped in hair, beneath which was a 
thick coat of fine wool. With this pro- 
tection the animal was quite indiffer- 
ent to the wintry blasts which swept 
over the steppe-like country of northern 
France. This golden brown wool is 
actually preserved on the side of the 
face of one specimen discovered, which 
is now in the Museum of Petrograd. 
The head of the rhinoceros was long 
and narrow, like that of the white rhi- 
noceros of Africa, but the jaws were 
narrower and the upper lips were more 
pointed. It is an animal quite dis- 
tinct from the great black rhinoceros 
still extant in Africa, which is a grazer 
with broad lips. In the distance in 
the painting are shown the saigas, an- 
telopes which wandered over France at 
that time, and a group of woolly mam- 
moths. 
Scene on the Somme River in North- 
ern France 
The scene represents the two herds, 
reindeer and mammoth, migrating 
along the banks of the river Somme not 
far from one of the great encampments 
of men of the Cré-Magnon race. These 
reindeer and mammoths are, in fact, 
depicted very precisely in the paintings 
and engravings left by the Cré-Mag- 
non artists—especially in the cavern of 
Font-de-Gaume. It is a striking fact. 
that, in the case of the mammoth, 
every painting, drawing, etching, and 
model which the Cré-Magnon man has 
given us exhibits exactly the same char- 
acters: the long hairy covering, the 
very high hump above the forehead, 
the notch between the hump and the 
neck, the very high shoulders, the short 
back, the rapid slope of the back over 
the hind quarters, the short tail. 
There is no doubt that aided by these 
wonderful Paleolithic designs, the ar- 
tist, Mr. Knight, has given us a very 
close representation of the actual ap- 
pearance of the woolly mammoth. 
Summer on the Missouri 
The summer scene on the Missouri 
River (on the parallel of Kansas) rep- 
resents the region south of the farthest 
advance of the ice sheet. The masto- 
dons are grouped in such a manner as 
to show the characteristic low, flat- 
tened head, the long low back, the 
symmetrical fore and hind quarters, 
the extremely short, massive limbs, and 
the very broad and massive hip region 
as seen from behind. In the center of 
the picture stands the majestic Bison 
regius, the royal bison, known only 
from a skull, a superb specimen, with 
the horn cores attached, in the collec- 
tion of the American Museum. ‘These 
animals were like gigantic buffalo or 
bison, beside which the modern buffalo 
would appear very diminutive. The 
characters of the hair and wool are not 
known, but it is assumed that they 
were similar to those of the existing 
buffalo, since the paintings of the bison 
by the Cro-Magnon artists in France 
all show the distinctive beard below the 
chin. At the right is a group of wild 
American horses of the period, the 
last of their race in this country; the 

