02 AMERICAN MUSEUM (HIDE LEAFLETS 



Hardwoods and Cooperage 



While oak and elms have been the standards for cooperage work which, 



like tanbark, entails great waste of material. Coopers have been Forced 



into using beech, red oak, maple, ash and birch, especially for slack cooperage 



barrels for dry materials). Logs grown for cooperage should be more than 



ten inches in diameter. Their market prices are unusually good. 



Beech, Maple, Birch, and Acid Factories 



In certain eastern districts acid factories demand large supplies of wood 

 for distillation, preferably of beech, maple and birch (8000 cords per rear). 

 Some of the products of these factories are wood vinegar used in dye 

 works; wood alcohol of special value in chemical works; act-tic acid uti- 

 lized as vinegar; and charcoal. 



.1 Timber Forest anil its I'ancil Products 



If a woodland consists, or can be made to consist in the future, of valu- 

 able tree> grown for timber from the seed, the owner can well make his aim 

 the production of saw logs for quartered and other high-priced lumber which 

 will find ready sale in home or foreign market. A timber forest may have 

 a wood capital twenty-five times as large as that of a sprout forest. Some 

 of the most valuable timber trees are black walnut (Fig. 42), black cherry, 

 white oak, white ash, hickory, red oak and sugar maple. In a timber forest 

 the distance of trees from one another is an important item: if too far apart, 

 the trunks do not clear well and the lumber is knotty; if too close together, 

 the trunks remain too small in diameter. 1 



A timber forest may yield many products besides high grade lumber. 2 

 A forester can estimate not only the saw timber in the trees to be cut but 

 the number of posts, ties, poles and firewood over and above this timber 

 (Fig. 13). More and more the entire timber is being used, proving one of 

 the most effective methods of conservation. This complete utilization 

 has been made possible by the establishment in many localities of charcoal 



i See "Rules and Regulations for the Grading of Lumber," Bulletin 71. Forest Service, 

 is i ><-| it . of Agriculture 



> The following figures are of interest: 



Tin' United States usrs annually 100.000,000 cords ol firewood 

 10.000.000,000 feet t . t lumber 

 i 000,000,000 posts and poles 



1 18.000,000 railroad ties 

 1 ,500,000,000 staves 

 133,000,000 sets "I heading 

 :,(i(i. mil). ikhi barrel hoops 



3,000.000 cords of native pulp wood 

 165,000.000 feet of mine timbers 



1,250,000 cinl- hi wood lor distillation 



