If ears, nose, or fingers are frost-bitten, the affected part 

 „ - . should be rubbed with snow or very cold 



water until the blood has come back and 

 the flesh begins to sting and burn. On no account should 

 the person go into a warm room until this has been done, and 

 until the frozen part has become gradually warm by rubbing. 

 Even after the circulation has come back, the patient should 

 become warm only gradually. 



When a person has been under the water or in some suffo- 

 n . - eating gas for a long time, the breathing 



~ ~ . stops, and the patient becomes unconscious. 



If breathing can somehow be started again, 

 recovery may follow. The starting of the breathing move- 

 ments in a person who has ceased to make them for himself 

 is called artificial respiration. 



Artificial respiration should be begun by laying the patient 

 face downward upon the ground. The feet should be raised 

 to drain out any excess water. Stretch the arms of the 

 patient straight above his head and let them rest on the 

 ground in that position. Turn his head a little to one side, 

 so that the air will not be impeded in entering the nose and 

 mouth. Next stand astride of the patient, with your body 

 directly over his hips and facing his head. Put your hands 

 on each side of his back, below the shoulder blades. Your 

 hands now rest upon the patient's lower ribs. The fingers 

 are spread out, pointed toward the head and away from the 

 spine. 



Swing your body forward, keeping your arms straight and 

 allowing your weight to rest on the patient's back; then 

 swing back, taking all your weight off the patient. Do this 

 fourteen or sixteen times per minute. This imitates the 

 motions of breathing. When you put your weight on the 

 patient, you press his chest together and force the air from 

 the lungs; when you release the pressure, the chest springs 

 back into place, and the lungs expand and draw air into 

 them. 



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