the place where the vaccine is rubbed into the arm or leg 

 is kept clean and free from dirt germs. The protective 

 effect of vaccination wears off after a time. Every child 

 should, therefore, be vaccinated when about a year old, and 

 again at about the seventh year. 



The most brilliant practical application of the principle 

 Anti-Tvnhoid °^ vaccme th era Pv> since the time of Jenner, 

 Vaccination ^ aS ^ een ^ e P re P arat i° n °f the vaccine 

 now used for the prevention of typhoid fever. 

 Its adoption in the United States Army has been attended 

 with brilliant results, as indicated by the table below. 



v v • f Cases of Typhoid Typhoid Deaths 



x ear v accinaoion -r» , i-» ■ 



Number Rate P er Numhpr Rate P er 

 lNumoer 1QQ0 lNumoer 1000 



1907 None 237 3.79 19 .30 



1908 None 239 3.20 24 .31 



1909 Voluntary 282 3 .35 22 .26 



1910 Voluntary 198 2 .43 14 .17 



1911 Voluntary 70 .85 8 .10 



1912 Compulsory 27 .31 4 .04 



1913 Compulsory 3 .03 .00 



Mixed vaccines which will protect against typhoid fever 

 v . . and the two distinct forms of a similar 



. .... , disease, paratyphoid fever, have been used 



. . with striking success in the European armies 



during the present war. The number of 

 cases of typhoid fever among British troops in France up 

 to November 1, 1916, was 1,684, of paratyphoid cases, 2,534, 

 and of indefinite related fevers, 353, a total of 4,571. In the 

 South African War nearly 60,000 cases of typhoid fever alone 

 were admitted into hospital, and there were 8,227 deaths. 



Armies in the past have been an important agent in spread- 

 ing typhoid and other infections through the regions where 

 they operated and in the homes to which they returned. 

 Today the success of typhoid vaccination in our military 

 establishments points the way to the elimination of this 



40 



