24 THE BOOK OF THE WINTER GARDEN 



and seen grouped together they recall the distant effect 

 of the lime-washed fig-trees of southern European 

 gardens. Flowering shoots should be cut out at the 

 ground in summer to give the younger rods space. 

 There are several similar species. 



The violet willow {^Salix daphnoides) and S. acutifolia 

 have glaucous or greyish stems. 



Red. — The cardinal willow and S. alba britzensis and 

 several cornels or dogwood — Cornus alba Spaethi, with 

 fine golden foliage in summer, while its red stems are 

 conspicuous during winter ; normal C. alba (C sanguined) 

 has effective bark, but very green summer leaves, an 

 advantage where a strong summer display is not required. 



Berberis diaphana has bright red stems with orange 

 spines, and is very effective when planted 12 inches 

 apart. B. virescens is also good. 



Yellow. — Salix vitelUna, the golden willow or osier, 

 Alnus hicana aurea^ Cornus stoliferafiaviramea. The yellow- 

 twigged lime (Tilea platyphyllos aurantia) and yellow ash 

 (^Fraxinus excelsior aurea) are not so effective. 



Brown. — &alix ijicatta, Spiraea Douglasiiy and Deutzia 

 crenata. 



Bright Green. — Kerria, Leycesteria, and various 

 brooms and whins. 



The above should be planted 3 feet apart, and in 

 fifties rather than in fives. Most are more useful as 

 large groups in the *' pleasure grounds" rather than in a 

 small garden, but the Rubus is singularly effective in small 

 groups. The willows and cornels, planted in irregularly 

 nad variously sized masses, are particularly ornamental 

 near water. They, together with Leycesteria, Berberis^ 

 Spiraea^ and Kerria^ should be cut down in April to the 

 ground level once they are established, as this will 

 cause plentiful young growth, which is better coloured 

 than the older stems. The willow clippings will root 

 if inserted in frames or shady border. 



