ON INTRODUCED ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 59 



Virgil, and Galen (De Aliment. Fac. ii.) ; and their importation into 

 Egypt, is noticed by Athenaeus. But the living tree (Pinus pinea), 

 appears to have remained unknown in Palestine and Egypt. 



The ErnrAAos of Cratinus, Eubulus, Antiphanes, Theophrastus vi. 1, 

 and Athenaeus xv. 32 and xii. 78, is usually referred to the thyme 

 (Thymus serpyllum). — This plant readily becomes naturalized in 

 foreign countries ; but except in being apparently known to Athenaeus, 

 I have met with no evidence of its presence in Egypt. 



The pa<i>aniz of Cratinus, Pherecrates, Eupolis, Aristophanes, Am- 

 phis, and Athenaeus, according to Sibthorp's account of the Greek 

 usage, would seem to be the charlock (Raphanus raphanistrum). — 

 F. Columna found this plant eaten in Apulia : and an allied species 

 occurs in Egypt ; where, too, the leaves of the R. sativus are eaten. 

 The " R. sativus, var. oleifer" was seen by Lippi, cultivated in Nubia; 

 and by Granger, in Egypt. 



It seems probable, however, that the "Egyptian raphaninum oleum" 

 of Pliny was obtained from the coleseed or rape (Brassica napus). 

 Galen (De Fac. Alim. ii. p. 622) does not distinguish the " raphani- 

 das" from the "boyniadas:" and according to Clot-Bey, the manufac- 

 ture of rape-seed oil is at the present day well known in Egypt. 



The hmepokaaaei of Cratinus (as quoted by Athenaeus xv. 28), 

 according to the description by Theophrastus vi. 1, and Sibthorp's 

 account of the Greek usage, would seem to be one or more species of 

 Daphne. — These are low shrubs of the Northern shores of the Medi- 

 terranean, which appear to be unknown in Egypt in the living state ; 

 but their medicinal uses are mentioned by Arab writers. 



The HMEroKAAAEi as described by Dioscorides and Athenasus, is 

 clearly a different plant; and is referred by Sibthorp to the Lilium 

 Chalcedonicum. — This plant was seen by Sibthorp, w 7 ild on the moun- 

 tains of Greece, and may have been known in Egypt to Athenaeus. 

 The L. martagon, also found by Sibthorp wild on the mountains of 

 Greece; was seen by Belon at Constantinople; and has been long culti- 

 vated in the gardens of Europe ; but I have met with no evidence of 

 its being known in Egypt. 



The AsnAPAros. of Cratinus, Pherecrates, Ameipsias, Theopompus, 

 Theophrastus, and Athenaeus ii. 62, according to the received opinion 

 and Scarlatus' account of the Greek usage, is the garden asparagus 

 (A. officinalis). — Cato, as quoted by Pliny, gives directions respecting 

 the culture of the "asparagus." — And our garden asparagus is enume- 

 rated by Alpinus in his list of the esculent plants of Egypt. 



