40 CHRONOLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS 



proof " that the tree was originally brought from Persia." The 

 walnut tree was seen by Hasselquist in Palestine ; but its cultivation 

 in Egypt is regarded as recent. 



The " nrd" of Solomon's Song i. 12 and iv. 13, may be compared 

 with "uard," the current Egyptian name of the rose: and indeed, the 

 notice of the " nardos" in Mark xiv. is sufficiently descriptive of the 

 essential oil or attar of roses. — Homer, Celsus, and Pliny mention a 

 fragrant oil of roses. And Theophrastus alludes to the presence of 

 the rose in Egypt : where, though foreign to the natural vegetation, 

 it is cultivated for commercial purposes at the present day. 



An evident connexion is found in the modern Greek application of 

 term " nardos" to the lavender and its essential oil ; also, in the 

 " iphyon" of Epicharmus, Theophrastus, and Athenseus ii. 83, being by 

 some writers referred to the lavender. Sibthorp met with the Lavan- 

 dula spica in Greece; and Delile found an allied species in the Egyp- 

 tian Desert (perhaps the same seen by myself in Yemen and in the 

 Dekkan). The L. stoechas is frequent throughout the Grecian Archi- 

 pelago ; but according to Clot-Bey and Figari, has been only recently 

 introduced into Egypt. 



However, the " nardos Indikos" mentioned by Theophrastus and 

 Pliny, is referred by Garcias and Royle to the root of Nardostachys 

 jatamansi: an indigenous plant of Hindostan. — The importation of 

 Indian nard is also mentioned by the Arab medical writers. 



The Africano-Manetho numbers (counting from the "fifth year of Con- 

 charis/'and omitting the years assigned to the Twentieth Dynasty), give 

 B. C. 991 for the accession of Scheschenk, the first king of the Twenty- 

 Second Dynasty : and we obtain the same date from the old Egyptian 

 Chronicle (for 194 + 228 = 422 = 83 + 209 + 130). Scheschenk, or 

 Shishak, ruled Egypt before the death of Solomon (1 Kings xi. 40, 

 and 2 Chronicles x. 2), and captured Jerusalem " in the fifth year of 

 Rehoboam" (1 Kings xvi. 25, and 2 Chronicles xii. 2). A record of this 

 event, together with a portrait of King Scheschenk, was found by Cham- 

 pollion on the walls of the temple at Karnak. King Scheschenk 

 commenced the great unfinished hall at Karnak ; and the date of the 

 twenty-second year of his reign has been found on a stela at Silsilis. 



Userkan, the second king of the Twenty-Second Egyptian Dynasty, 

 continued the unfinished hall at Karnak : his name has also been 

 found on the great temple at Bubastis in Lower Egypt; on a papy- 

 rus ; and on a vase, once in the possession of the ancient Roman family 



