82 CHRONOLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS 



into Egypt. On the other hand, the A. spinosus was seen by Sibthorp 

 and Bory de St. Vincent, growing abundantly in the Grecian Archi- 

 pelago ; but it appears to be unknown in Egypt. 



The XAMAiniTTS of Apollodorus, Nicander, Celsus, Dioscorides, and 

 Athenaeus xv., is usually referred to one or more species of Ajuga. — 

 The " chamaipitys" entered into the composition of the theriac of 

 Andromachus : and the Ajuga iva is enumerated by Alpinus among 

 the ingredients of the Egyptian theriac ; and was seen by Delile, 

 growing spontaneously at Alexandria. 



The BornAErroN of the treatise " De mul. morb." (in the Hippo- 

 cratic collection) , and of Glaucon, Epoanetus, Nicander, Pliny, and the 

 Scholiast of Pliny, is referred by Dodonaeus to one or more species of 

 Bupleurum. — The B. rotundifolium and B. semicompositum were 

 seen by Sibthorp in Greece ; and by Delile, growing spontaneously 

 at Alexandria. 



The SArAnENor of the treatise " 1 De mul. morb." 108, and of 

 Celsus, Dioscorides, Pliny, Marcellus, and Galen, is admitted to be 

 sagapen (a gum imported from Persia, and supposed to be the product 

 of Ferula Persica). — According to Greenhill and F. Adams, gum 

 sagapen is also mentioned by Rhazes, Avicenna, Ibn Baitar, and other 

 Arab writers. 



The ASAroN of the treatise "1 De mul. morb." 45, and of Diosco- 

 rides, Pliny, and Paulus iEgineta, according to the received opinion 

 and Sibthorp's account of the Greek usage, is the Asarum Europoeum. — 

 Forskal (Mat. Med.) notices the medicinal use in Egypt, and the im- 

 portation of "asarum" root from Greece.* 



In " B. C. 247," the accession of Ptolemy III., or Ptolemy Euer- 

 getes, took place. His name occurs in hieroglyphic characters on 

 temples, at Dakkeh, Philae, Esneh, and Thebes : and a Greek inscrip- 

 tion relating to his reign, was discovered by Cosmas Indicopleustes at 

 Adule on the Abyssinian coast. Ptolemy III. conducted a military 

 expedition as far as Bactria ; and brought back to Egypt the sacred 

 objects that had been carried away by the Persians. He was suc- 



* The noATKAPnoN of the treatise " 1 De mul. morb." 90, according to Sibthorp's 

 account of the Greek usage, would seem to be, either the Opopanax Chironium (already 

 noticed) or one or more species of Thapsia. — The species of Thapsia are indigenous 

 plants of Greece and other parts of Europe, and have been sometimes used medicinally ; 

 but I have met with no evidence of their being known in Egypt. 



