92 CHRONOLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS 



The eaaia AieioniKH of Dioscorides i. 136, is referred by Sprengel to 

 the Elaeagnus Orientalis. — This shrub was seen by Delile and others 

 in gardens at Cairo. 



The j>iaatpea of Dioscorides and Paulus iEgineta, according to 

 Hawkins' and Sibthorp's account of the Greek usage, would seem to 

 be the Rhamnus infectorius. — The berries of this shrub form an article 

 of commerce ; and under the name of " Turkey berries," are exported 

 from the Eastern portion of the Mediterranean. 



In Egypt, the borage (Borago officinalis) is called "lesan el-tour," 

 or ox-tongue ; which being translated into Greek, becomes the 

 BorrAnccoN of Dioscorides, Pliny, Plutarch (Sympos. Qusest. i.), and 

 Galen. The B. officinalis, seen by Forskal and others in gardens in 

 Egypt, is used there medicinally, as appears from Alpinus : an indi- 

 genous species, B. Africana, is called "horreyg" or "horrsejg;" in 

 which word we recognise the " corrago" of Apuleius Barbarus. 



The mapon of Dioscorides, is referred by Matthioli and others to 

 the Teucrium marum. — This plant in its wild state, was long supposed 

 to be peculiar to Spain, where it was discovered by Clusius : but it 

 has recently been found on the mountains of Greece, by Bory de 

 St. Vincent and Gittard. It is enumerated by Clot-Bey and Figari, 

 among the plants introduced from the French gardens into Egypt. 



The katon of Dioscorides, Pliny, Galen, and Oribasius, according 

 to the received opinion, is the caraway (Carum carvi). — Pliny states, 

 that the Greek name is derived from Caria, in Asia Minor. However 

 this may be, the plant is called " karawih" in Egypt ; and Delile found 

 the seeds sold in the shops at Cairo. 



The AirrcriKON of Dioscorides, Pliny, and Apicius, is usually re- 

 ferred to the lovage (Levisticum). — This plant was seen by Pococke 

 in Palestine ; but appears to have remained unknown in Egypt. 



The akakaaic of Dioscorides and Paulus ^Egineta, so far as regards 

 the origin of the word, may be compared with " kolkol," the current 

 name in Yemen of one or more species of Cassia : the medicinal use of 

 the akakaaic, was found by Royle to correspond with that of the 

 Cassia absus. — This plant was seen by Alpinus, Hasselquist, and Delile, 

 in the gardens of Egypt; and according to Royle, is indigenous in 

 Hindostan. 



The ammaniakon of Dioscorides, Galen, and Paulus iEgineta, accord- 

 ing to the received opinion, is gum ammoniac ; said to be the product 

 of the Dorema ammoniacum. — The drug is used medicinally in Egypt, 

 as appears from Rhazes, Avicenna, and Alpinus. 



