94 CHRONOLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS 



In the same year, the accession of Vespasian, the ninth Roman Em- 

 peror, took place. His name has been found in hieroglyphic characters 

 on the temple at Esneh ; on a building at Thebes ; and on an obelisk 

 at Rome. 



The ANArAAAic entapoc of the synonyms added to the work of 

 Dioscorides ii. 153, is referred by Fuchsius and others to the Veronica 

 anagallis. — This plant was seen by Sibthorp in the Grecian Archi- 

 pelago ; by Delile, growing spontaneously at Rosetta ; and by Forskal, 

 in the mountain region of Yemen. The closely allied V. beccabunga 

 was seen by Sibthorp in Greece ; and is enumerated by Clot-Bey and 

 Figari among the plants long known in Egypt. 



Pliny xii. 15, had heard of an article used in India, resembling 

 pepper, and called garyophyllon ; and under this name, Paulus iEgi- 

 neta distinctly describes cloves (Caryophyllus aromaticus) ; a produc- 

 tion of the Molucca Islands. — Rhazes, Avicenna, and Symeon Sethus, 

 likewise speak of cloves : I saw in Egypt a quantity that had been 

 imported by the route of Mecca and the Thebaid. 



The cyanus, supposed by Pliny (xxi. 24) to have recently come into 

 notice, according to Scarlatus' account of the Greek usage, is the Cen- 

 taurea cyanus. — This plant was seen by Sibthorp in Greece; but 

 according to Clot-Bey and Figari, has been only recently introduced 

 into Egypt. 



The herb a impia of Pliny xxiv. 113, is referred by Tournefort and 

 others to the Gnaplialium Germanicum. — This weed was seen by 

 Sibthorp in the Grecian Archipelago ; and by Delile, growing around 

 Alexandria and Cairo. 



The amomon herb of Pliny xxvi. 19, seems to correspond with the 

 " ammonos, astrion, and sagginariam" of Actuarius, referred by Stapel 

 to the Plantago coronopus. — This plant was seen by Sibthorp in the 

 Grecian Archipelago ; and by Forskal and Delile, growing spontane- 

 ously at Cairo and Alexandria. The P. lagopus, was also seen by 

 Sibthorp in the Grecian Archipelago ; and by Delile, growing sponta- 

 neously at Alexandria. 



The chortinon of Pliny xv. 7, may be compared with the " kurth " 

 of Abu Hanifa, Ibn Redwhan, and Ibn Baitar; which, according to 

 Egyptian usage, would seem to be the Trifolium resupinatum. — This 

 plant was seen by Sibthorp in Greece ; and by Forskal and Delile, at 

 Rosetta, Damietta, and Cairo. 



Pliny xxv. 6, distinctly describes the scurvy, as a disease of the 

 region beyond the mouths of the Rhine ; and mentions the herba bri- 



