ON INTRODUCED ANIMALS AND PLANTS. m 



of France and advancing as far as the Loire, were defeated by Charles 

 Martel : shortly afterwards, they were obliged to retire into Spain. 



In "A. D. 743," the accession of Walid II., the eleventh Ommiad 

 khalif, took place. 



In " A. D. 744," the accession of Yezid III., the twelfth Ommiad 

 khalif, took place. He was succeeded by Ibrahim ; and before the 

 close of the year, by Merwan II., the fourteenth and last Ommiad 

 khalif. 



In " A. D. 750," Abu'l Abbas, of the family of Abbas, became ruler 

 of the Muslim Empire : and the seat of government was removed 

 from Damascus to a town on the Euphrates. The change was accom- 

 panied with the loss of Spain ; which became an independent Muslim 

 kingdom. 



In " A. D. 754," the accession of El-Mansur, the second Abbassid 

 khalif, took place. Coins, issued during his reign, are figured by 

 Marcel, p. 44. 



According to Beckmann, the hop (Humulus lupulus) is mentioned in 

 a letter of dotation of Pepin, king of France; and also by Adelard. — 

 The plant was seen by Belon at Constantinople ; and according to Clot- 

 Bey and Figari, was introduced into Egypt by Delile. 



In "A. D. 762" (Marcel), Khalif El-Mansur founded the city of 

 Bagdad, near ancient Babylon, for the new seat of government. 



In " A. D. 775," the accession of El-Mahadi, the third Abbassid 

 khalif, took place. Coins, issued during his reign, are figured by 

 Marcel, p. 45. 



According to F. Adams, Kehulic myrobalans (the fruit of Terminalia 

 Chebula) are mentioned by Sarac the Indian, Honain, Rhazes, Mesue, 

 Avicenna, Serapion, Actuarius, and Nicolaus Myrepsus. — Alpinus 

 speaks of the medicinal use of these nuts in Egypt : according to 

 Graham, the tree grows wild in the environs of Bombay. 



In " A. D. 784," the accession of El-Hadi, the fourth Abbassid khalif, 

 took place. 



In " A. D. 786," the accession of Harun-el-Rashid, the fifth Abbas- 

 sid khalif, took place. He protected and encouraged literature and 

 science ; and his memory has also been cherished for his benevolent 

 acts. Coins, issued during his reign, are figured by Marcel, p. 48. 



The radix of the Capitularia of Charlemagne, would seem to be the 

 radish (Raphanus sativus). — The "fujl" of Ibn Masawia, Elthabari, 

 Costus, Rhazes, and Ibn Baitar, according to Egyptian usage, is the 



