ON INTRODUCED ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 123 



Saladdin was at the time the real ruler of Egypt ; though acting, 

 to some extent, under the orders of Nooreddin of Damascus. 



On the death of Nooreddin, " A. D. 1173," Saladdin became the ac- 

 knowledged sultan both of Egypt and Syria. He coined gold and 

 silver, to redeem the glass money then in circulation (Marcel, pp. 

 139 and 144). He surrounded Cairo with a wall of stone; built the 

 citadel ; and within it, cleared the ancient well, now called Joseph's 

 well (Wilkinson, Thebes and Egypt, p. 305). To his reign also is 

 attributed, the removal of the outer coating of the Great Pyramid 

 (Marcel, p. 141). 



The tjcnicl) of Hildegard, is referred by Sprengel to the Digitaria 

 sanguinale. — This grass, according to Beckmann, was once regularly 

 cultivated in Europe. It is figured by Lobel and by Camerarius ; was 

 seen by Sibthorp in the Grecian Archipelago ; and by Hasselquist, 

 Forskal, and Delile, growing spontaneously in Egypt. The D. fili- 

 formis was also seen by Delile, growing spontaneously at Rosetta. 



The ljunesbnrm of Hildegard ii. 173, is referred by Fuchsius and 

 Sprengel to the duckweed (Stellaria media). — This plant was seen by 

 Sibthorp in Greece ; and by Hasselquist, Forskal, and Delile, growing 

 as a weed in Egypt. 



The rc^ela of Hildegard ii. 174, is referred by Sprengel to the Poly- 

 gonum per sicaria. — This plant is noticed by Ruellius, Fuchsius, Dodo- 

 naeus, Lobel, and Gerarde : and was seen by Sibthorp in Crete ; and by 

 Forskal and Delile, growing as a weed at Alexandria and Rosetta. The 

 P. salicifolium was also seen by Delile, growing spontaneously at Rosetta. 



In "A. D. 1187" (Munk and Marcel), the Crusaders were driven 

 out of Jerusalem and Palestine ; with the exception of a few fortified 

 posts on the coast, which remained in their possession for many years. 



In " A. D. 1193," the accession of Melek-Aziz Othman, the second 

 Ayoubite sultan of Egypt, took place. A copper coin issued by him, 

 is figured by Marcel, p. 146. 



In "A. D. 1198," the accession of Melek-el-Mansur, the third 

 Ayoubite sultan of Egypt, took place. A copper coin issued by him, 

 is figured by Marcel, p. 147. 



In " A. D. 1200," the accession of Melek-Adel Seif-Eddin, the fourth 

 Ayoubite sultan of Egypt, took place. Silver and copper coins issued 

 by him, are figured by Marcel, p. 149. 



The " sisaban" of Madschhul and Ibn Baitar, according to Egyptian 

 usage, is the JEsdiynomene sesban : a plant clearly derived from some 



