ON INTRODUCED ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 129 



In " A. D. 1421," the accession of Ahmed El-Mozzaffer, the twenty- 

 fifth Memluk sultan of Egypt, took place. After some months, he 

 was succeeded by Seifeddin Tattar ; and before the close of the year, 

 by Mohammed Saleh. 



In " A. D. 1422," the accession of Barsebay El-Aschraf, the twenty- 

 eighth Memluk sultan of Egypt, took place. He built at Cairo the 

 mosque which bears his name ; and carried on war in the Mediterra- 

 nean against the Europeans or Franks. 



The bianthi of Manfred us de Monte Imperiali, according to Sprengel, 

 is clearly the carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus). — This plant is noticed 

 by Ruellius ; was seen in Egypt by Forskal and Delile ; and I found 

 it everywhere a favourite among the Arabs, and frequently kept by 

 them in pots. 



The art of printing, though long practised in China, was indepen- 

 dently invented in Europe, "about A. D. 1430," by Laurentius. The 

 improvement of movable types, was made twelve years later (Edin. 

 Cycl.) 



In "A. D. 1438," the accession of Djemaleddin Yusuf, the twenty- 

 ninth Memluk sultan of Egypt, took place. In the same year, he was 

 succeeded by Djakmak. 



The coffee plant (Coffea arabica), a native of the region southwest 

 of Abyssinia, is said to have been introduced into Yemen about A. D. 

 1450 ; though according to Lane, the berries were first imported into 

 Egypt fifty years later. — Rauwolf is said to be the earliest European 

 traveller who speaks of coffee. The living plant was seen in Egypt by 

 Alpinus ; and, as appears from ClotrBey and Figari, has been recently 

 re-introduced. 



In "A. D. 1453," the accession of Othman El-Mansur, the thirty- 

 first Memluk sultan of Egypt, took place. In the same year, he was 

 succeeded by YnaL 



In this year also, the Turks obtained possession of Constantinople, 

 and the Greek or Byzantine Empire became extinct. 



Seeds of the Abrus precatorius, were seen by Cadamosto, A. D. 1454, 

 at the River Senegal. — The living plant, as appears from Alpinus and 

 Hasselquist, has been sometimes cultivated in Egypt. 



According to Sprengel, Cadamosto met with the baobab (Adansonia 



