ON INTRODUCED ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 153 



In "A. D. 1822" (Brewster's Cycl.), a revolution commenced in 

 Greece : which ended four years later, in the independence of a large 

 portion of the country ; partly accomplished through European inter- 

 ference. 



In " A. D. 1829," the steam-engine was successfully applied to land- 

 transportation ; the trial taking place in England, on the rail-road at 

 Liverpool. 



In "A. D. 1832" (Gliddon), the voyages of the English Steamer 

 on the Red Sea commenced. The successful employment of Ocean 

 steamers forms an epoch in Navigation ; as also, in international affairs; 

 and at the present moment, is even tending to restore Egypt to her 

 ancient position, as naturally the centre of the routes of intercourse, 

 both by land and sea. 



At or near the last-named date, a line of demarcation should be 

 drawn: for ^botanic garden under European superintendence has been 

 established in Egypt; and at the time of my visit, it already contained 

 many plants not noticed in these pages. The object could be accom- 

 plished, by retaining as notes the long-known species introduced into 

 Egypt after the selected date : but for the present, as I am about 

 taking leave of the whole subject, I will here change the order of 

 enumeration. 



Terminalia. Two species, according to Clot-Bey and Figari, are now 

 planted as shade trees in Egypt. 



Brugmansia Candida, according to Graham, was introduced by the 

 way of Egypt into Bombay, in A. D. 1837. 



In "A. D. 1839" (Clot-Bey and others), the accession of Abd-el- 

 Medjid, the twenty-second Turkish sultan who ruled Egypt, took 

 place. 



Citrus decumana, the shaddock. An expression of Rabbi Schwarz 

 ii. 2, seems to imply, that this fruit has been seen at Jerusalem : the 

 specimens may have been brought from India by the route of the Red 

 Sea ; and possibly by steamboat. 



solitary plant kept at a window amid the surrounding magnificence of the vegetation of 

 the Organ Mountains. According to Graham, the C. tinctoria has become common in the 

 gardens of Hindostan; hut I have met with no evidence of its having been introduced 

 into Egypt. 



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