No. 447-] BREEDING HABITS OF CRAVFlS/f. 



167 



seized, often struggles to escape. Despite tlusc stiu--ks the 

 male holding the female with one of his claws lastciud ti. her 

 antenna or to any projecting part of her head ewntuallv suei eeds 

 in turning the female over to lie upon her dorsal surhu e : if 

 there is no struggle the same result follows moie direell) and 

 methodically. When the female is turned o\er the male stands 

 over her ventral surface and later transfers the sperm to the 

 receptacle. 



When the first seizure is not effective in leading to a ready 

 turning of the female the male exhibits considerable skill and 

 shows something like intelligence in commanding the new 



upon the back of the female and seized her claws as is usual 

 after turning the female over, though in this case turning had 

 not been accomplished. In this unusual position the male 

 attempted to adjust the sperm-transferring appendages to the 

 female and then desisted : then the long antennae of the male 

 were bent down strongly against the dorsal side of the thorax of 

 the female. In one case the exopodites of the third maxilliped 

 were also used in feeling the female. After getting some infor- 

 mation, apparently, by the use of these sense organs, the male 

 proceeded to turn the female over and finally continued a normal 

 sperm transfer. In this turning over the male had to deal with 

 the problem of revolving the female through 180' while under 

 his body and starting with his right claw holding her right claw 

 and his left holding her left so that finally his right held her left 

 and his left her right. In accomplishing this feat the male first 

 removed his left claw from the left claws of the female and with 

 it seized her rostrum and adjacent head region : he then turned 

 the female about 90° so that she lay upon her left side while he 

 stood over her right side. Next the right claw released the 

 female's right claws and seized her left claws. He was now able 

 to turn the female through 90° on to her dorsal surface. Then 

 he transferred his left claw from her rostrum to hold all her 

 three right claws. After that the usual union could take place 

 and ten minutes later sperm was transferred and union con- 

 tinued for some hours. 



Usually as soon as the male has thrown the female upon her 



