RELIGION AM) CEREMONIES. 107 



Ventre, Omaha, Hidatsa, and Pawnee. The best 

 known type of bundle is the medicine-pipe which is 

 highly developed among the Blackfoot and their 

 immediate neighbors. In the early literature of the 

 area frequent reference is made to the calumet, or in 

 this case, a pair of pipestems waved and sung in con- 

 nection with a ritual binding the participants in a firm 

 brotherhood. This is reported among the Pawnee, 

 Omaha, Ponca, Mandan, and the Dakota, and accord- 

 ing to tradition originated with the Pawnee. The use 

 of either type seems not to have reached the Plateau 

 tribes. One singular thing is that in all these medicine- 

 pipes, it is the stem that is sacred, often it is not even 

 perforated, is frequently without a bowl, and in any 

 event rarely actually smoked. It is thus clear that 

 the whole is highly symbolic. 



The war and clan bundles of the Osage and Pawnee 

 have not been investigated but seem to belong to a 

 type widely distributed among the Sauk and Fox, 

 Menomini, and Winnebago of the Woodland area. 

 Among the Blackfoot, there is a special development 

 of the bundle scheme in that they recognize the power 

 of transferring all bundles and amulets to another 

 person together with the compact between the divine 

 element. The one receiving the bundle pays a hand- 

 some sum to the former owner. This buying and selling 

 of medicines is so frequent that many men have at one 

 time and another owned all the types of bundles in the 

 tribe. 



In the Museum collections are a few important 



