RELIGION \\i> ( EREMONIES. 119 



present in the objects and appurtenances thereto. 

 The persons participating are rather passive. We have 

 practically no attempts to impersonate and to act out 

 in detail the parts played by supernatural beings. 

 This is shown in the almost entire absence of masks 

 and ceremonial costume. Thus, among the Indians 

 of the North Pacific area, the Pueblos of the Southwest, 

 and the Iroquois of the Woodlands, we find persons 

 in ceremonies dressed and masked to represent the 

 various gods or supernatural creatures and who act out 

 parts of the ritual. Even among the Navajo and the 

 Apache of the Southwest, these costumes play a con- 

 spicuous part. All this is rare in the strictly religious 

 ceremonies of the Plains and brings out by contrast 

 what is perhaps one of their most characteristic 

 features. 



Painting the face and body and the use of a pipe are 

 also highly developed elements. In most cases, there 

 is a distinct painting for each ceremony, again supposed 

 to be according to the directions of the initial revelation. 

 A lighted pipe is not only frequently passed during a 

 ceremony but is also filled with ceremonial movements 

 and offered with prayers to many or all of the recog- 

 nized sources of the higher powers. 



The only musical instruments used in these cere- 

 monies are rattles, drums, and whistles. 



