128 SKELETON OF THE OX 
The body is longer and is distinctly constricted in the middle. It bears a thin- 
edged ventral crest. The arch—in addition to the usual notches, which are 
shallow—is perforated in the posterior part by a foramen. The transverse proc- 
Fre. 124.—Fourta Lumpar Vertesra OF Ox; Posterior View. | 
1, Cavity of posterior end of body; 2, notch of arch; 3, 4, articular processes; 5, spinous process; 6, transverse process, 
ess is thick and strong, and bears a rounded mammillary process (except at the 
posterior end of the series); the last two, although prominent, do not always articu- 
late with the ribs. The spinous process is long. The first is much higher than in 
the horse, the next two are usu- 
6 ally the most prominent, and be- 
) hind this there is a very gradual | 
diminution in height. The back- | 
ward slope, slight at first, m- 
creases to the tenth; the last is 
vertical and lumbar in charac- 
ter. The summit is usually 
pointed on the first, and the 
thickening on those further back 
is less than in the horse. The 
width diminishes from the fifth 
to the eleventh usually. Both 
Median crest borders of the spines are in gen- 
eral thin and sharp, but the last 
three or four sometimes have 
thick posterior margins. 
The lumbar vertebrae, six in 
number, are much longer than in 
the horse. The body is much 
constricted in the middle, ex- 
panded at either end, and bears 
a rudimentary ventral crest. 
The fourth and fifth are usually 
the longest. The intervertebral — 
foramina are often double in 
the anterior part of the series, 
and are very large further back. 
Fic. 125.—Sacrum or Ox; Dorsat View. The articular processes are — 
14, Dorsal sacral foramina; 5, sacral canal; 6, 6, articular processes; large, and their facets are more 
fy auricular gurtaee;, Sapper. strongly curved than in the 
horse. The transverse proc- 
esses all curve forward. They are separated by considerable intervals, and form 
no articulations with each other or with the sacrum. Their borders are thin and 
Lateral crest 
