148 SKELETON OF THE OX 
for the extensor tendons are shallow. The proximal end unites with the shaft at 
one to one and one-half years, and the distal at three and one-half to four years. 
The approximation of the lower ends of the forearms and the carpi gives the “knock-kneed” 
appearance in cattle. The obliquity of the joint surfaces produces lateral deviation of the lower 
part of the limb in flexion. The facets for the radial and intermediate carpals are narrower than 
in the horse and run obliquely dorso-laterally. The surface for the ulnar carpal is extensive and 
saddle-shaped; its lateral part is furnished by the ulna. 
The ulna is more fully developed than in the horse. The shaft is complete, 
three-sided, and strongly curved. It is fused with the radius in the adult, except 
at the two interosseous spaces mentioned above. Its proximal part contains a 
medullary cavity which extends somewhat into the proximal end. The olecranon is 
Fic. 148.—Lerr Carpus AND ADJACENT BONES OF OX; Fie. 149.—Lerr Carpus anp ADJACENT BONES OF 
Front View. Ox; LATERAL VIEW. 
R, Radius; U, ulna; C.7., radial carpal; C. w., R, Distal end of radius; U, styloid process of 
ulnar carpal; C. 2+ 3, fused second and third ecarpals; ulna; J, distal interosseous space; C. 7., intermediate 
4, fourth carpal; 1, 2, 3, grooves for extensor tendons; earpal; C. u., ulnar carpal; C. a., accessory carpal; 
4, metacarpal tuberosity; 5, vascular groove. Inter- C. 2 + 8, fused second and third carpals; C. 4, fourth 
mediate carpal bone (between radial and ulnar) not earpal; Mc. 3 + 4, fused third and fourth (large) 
marked. metacarpal; Me. 5, fifth (small) metacarpal; 7’, meta- 
carpal tuberosity. 
large and bears a rounded tuberosity. The distal end is fused with the radius; it 
projects below the level of the latter, forming the styloid process of the ulna (Pro- 
cessus styloideus ulnw), which furnishes part of the facet for the ulnar carpal. 
The summit of the olecranon and the distal end unite with the shaft at three and 
one-half to four years. 
The carpus consists of six bones, four in the proximal row and two in the distal. 
The proximal row is oblique in Coniormity with the carpal articular surface of the 
radius. The radial and intermediate resemble in general those of the horse, but 
are less regular in shape, and their long axes are directed obliquely backward and 
medially. The radial is narrower than in the horse and curves upward behind. The 
intermediate is constricted in its middle, and wider behind than in front. The 
ulnar is large and very irregular. Its proximal surface is extensive and sinuous and 
articulates with both radius and ulna; it has a large oval facet behind for articula- 
tion with the accessory carpal. The accessory is short, thick, and rounded; it 
