SKELETON OF THE PIG 
VERTEBRAL COLUMN 161 
low the lateral margin of the lateral condyle of the tibia; the distal end forms the 
lateral malleolus, as in the ox. 
The patella is relatively longer and narrower than that of the ox. 
The tarsal bones resemble those of the ox except in size. 
The metatarsal and digital bones present special characters similar to those of 
the corresponding part of the thoracic limb. 
SKELETON OF THE PIG 
VERTEBRAL COLUMN 
The vertebral formula is C7Tys15L5-7SiCyoo-23. 
The cervical vertebre are short and wide. The bodies are elliptical in cross- 
section, the long diameter being transverse. The anterior articular surfaces are 
slightly convex from side to side and concave dorso-ventrally; the posterior ones 
Fic. 163.—SKELETON or Pic; Larerat View. 
a, Cranium; b, maxilla; c, mandible; 1H—7H., cervical vertebre; 1R.1.., first thoracie vertebra; 13 R.w., thir- 
teenth thoracic vertebra (next to last); 1Z., first lumbar vertebra; 6L., sixth lumbar vertebra (next to last usually); 
K., sacrum; S., coccygeal vertebre; 1R., first rib; 14R., last ib; R.kn., costal cartilages; St., sternum; d, supraspin- 
ous fossa; d’, infraspinous fossa; 1, spine of scapula; 2, neck of scapula; e, humerus; 3, head of humerus; 4, tuberosities 
of humerus; 5, deltoid tuberosity; 6, lateral epicondyle of humerus; f, radius; g, ulna; 7, olecranon; h, carpus; 18-25, 
carpal bones; i-i””’, metacarpus; /—k’’”’, proximal phalanges; -1’’””’, middle phalanges; m—m’’”, distal phalanges; n, o, 
sesamoids; p, ilium; 8, tuber coxe; 9, tuber sacrale; 1 , superior ischiatic spine; g, ischium; 11, tuber ischii; r, pubis; 
12, acetabulum; s, femur; 13, trochanter major; 14, trochanter minor; 15, lateral epicondyle; ¢, patella; wu. tibia; 
16, crest of tibia; 17, lateral condyle of tibia; », fibula; w, tarsus; 26-31, tarsal bones; 26’, tuber caleis. (After Ellen- 
berger, in Leisering’s Atlas). 
are slightly concave. A ventral spine is not present. The arches are wide trans- 
versely, but the lamin are narrow; so that a considerable interval (Spatium inter- 
arcuale) separates adjacent arches dorsally. The pedicles are perforated by a 
foramen in addition to the usual intervertebral foramina. The transverse processes 
divide into two branches, both of which increase in size from the third to the sixth. 
The dorsal branch projects outward and backward; it is short and is thickened at 
its free end. The other branch is a quadrilateral plate directed ventrally; each 
overlaps the succeeding one to a small extent, and the series forms the lateral 
boundary of a deep and wide ventral groove. The spines increase in height from the 
i! 
