212 THE ARTICULATIONS OF THE HORSE 
dles of the vertebral bodies, and widens over the intervertebral fibro-cartilages, to 
which it is very firmly attached. 
This ligament is in relation with the spinal veins on either side, and in the middle of each 
vertebra a transverse anastomotic vein passes under the ligament. 
INTERNEURAL ARTICULATIONS 
Each typieal vertebra presents two pairs of articular processes, which form 
diarthroses with the two adjacent vertebrie. The articular surfaces are extensive, 
almost flat, and oval in the cervical region, small and flat in the thoracic region, 
Allas 
' 
' 7 
' Funicular part 
+. t 
Expansion at withers 
' 
' 
‘ 
1 
’ 
. Pe 
Last cervical 
vertebra 
First thoracic 
vertebra 
Fig. 231.—LicaAMENTUM NucH® oF Horse. 
4, lamellar part of ligamentum nuche; x, wing of atlas. (After Ellenberger- 
1, Seapula; 1’, cartilage of scapula; 
Baum, Anat. fur Kiinstler.) 
while in the lumbar region the anterior ones are concave and the posterior convex. 
The joint capsule is strong and ample in the cervical region, in conformity with the 
large size and greater mobility of these joints in the neck. In the thoracie and 
lumbar regions the capsule is small and close. These joints are arthrodia in the 
neck and back, trochoid in the lumbar region. 
Associated with these joints are the ligamenta flava, which connect the arches 
of adjacent vertebrae. They are membranous and consist largely of elastic tissue. 
The supraspinous ligament (Lig. supraspinale) extends medially from the 
occipital bone to the sacrum. Behind the withers it consists of a strong cord of 
white fibrous tissue, attached to the summits of the vertebral spines. In the neck 
