244 COMPARATIVE ARTHROLOGY 
COMPARATIVE ARTHROLOGY'! 
JOINTS AND LIGAMENTS OF THE VERTEBR 
Ox.—The ligamentum nuche is better developed than in the horse. The 
funicular part is clearly divided into two lateral halves, which are round at their 
occipital attachment, but from the axis backward become rapidly wider and flat. 
This wide portion is almost sagittal, lies on either side of the vertebral spines, and 
is covered by the trapezius and rhomboideus muscles. From the highest part of 
the withers (third thoracie spine) it gradually diminishes in size and fades out in 
the lumbar region. The lamellar part is thick, and consists of anterior and pos- 
terior parts. The anterior part is double; its fibers proceed from the funicular 
part to the second, third, and fourth cervical spines. The posterior part is single; 
its fibers extend from the first thoracic spine to the fifth, sixth, and seventh cervical 
spines. 
The ventral longitudinal ligament is very strong in the lumbar region. 
Fre. 256.—LicaMentum Nucri® or Ox. 
d, lamellar part; e, interspinous ligament; 7, spinous process of first thoracie 
a, Funicular part; 6, its wide portion; c¢, 
vertebra; 2, axis 
(lenberger-Baum, Anat. d. Haustiere.) 
The intervertebral fibro-cartilages are thicker than in the horse. 
The interspinous ligaments of the back and lois consist largely of elastic 
tissue. 
There are no intertransverse joints in the lumbar region. 
Pig.—The lgamentum nuche is represented by a fibrous raphé and thin 
layers of elastic tissue which extend between the cervical spines. 
The atlanto-occipital and atlanto-axial joints resemble those of the dog. 
The interspinous ligaments of the neck are elastic. 
Dog.—The ligamentum nuche consists of a small fibrous band which extends 
from the spine of the axis to the anterior thoracic spines; it may be regarded as a 
mere fibrous raphé between the right and left muscles. 
There are interspinous muscles instead of ligaments in the neck. 
There are three ligaments in connection with the dens of the axis. 
alar ligaments (Lige. alaria) arise on either side of the dens, diverge, and end on 
The two 
1'This section consists necessarily only of a brief statement of the most important differences 
in the joints of the other animals. 
