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MUSCLES OF THE NECK—-VENTRAL GROUP—LATERAL GROUP 347 
HYOID MUSCLES 
The mylo-hyoideus is thicker and more extensive than in the horse. 
The stylo-hyoideus has a long, slender tendon of origin which is attached to the 
muscular angle of the great cornu of the hyoid bone. The insertion is fleshy and 
is not perforated by the digastricus. 
The genio-hyoideus is much more developed than in the horse. 
The kerato-hyoideus has an additional attachment on the middle cornu of the 
hyoid bone. 
The hyoideus transversus is bifid. 
The sterno-thyro-hyoideus has no intermediate tendon and is thicker. 
The omo-hyoideus arises as a thin band from the fascia over the third and 
fourth cervical vertebree. It blends here with the rectus capitis ventralis major. 
The occipito-hyoideus is thick. Its large lateral part entirely covers the para- 
mastoid process (from which it arises) and is inserted into the muscular angle of 
the great cornu. The smaller medial part arises from the ventral end of the para- 
mastoid process and ends on the medial face of the great cornu below the dorsal 
end. 
MUSCLES OF THE NECK 
A. VENTRAL GROUP 
The cervical cutaneus is absent. 
The sterno-cephalicus consists of two muscles. They arise from the manu- 
brium sterni and first rib. The superficial muscle is the sterno-mandibularis; it 
is inserted on the anterior border of the masseter, the ramus of the mandible, and 
the buccal fascia. The deep muscle is the sterno-mastoideus; it crosses under the 
preceding and ends on the mastoid processes, the mandible, and, in common with 
the rectus capitis ventralis major, on the basilar part of the occipital bone. 
There are two scaleni. The scalenus ventralis (s. prim costz) arises from 
the transverse processes of the third to the seventh cervical vertebrxe and ends on 
the first rib. It is traversed by the roots of the brachial plexus, which divide it 
into bundles. The emerging brachial artery separates a narrow part below from 
the main mass. The scalenus dorsalis (s. supracostalis) arises usually on the 
transverse processes of the fourth, fifth, and sixth cervical vertebree. Its wide 
posterior part lies on the ventral part of the serratus thoracis; it is attached to the 
third rib and to the serratus thoracis. 
The rectus capitis ventralis major arises on the third to the sixth cervical 
transverse processes, and blends at its insertion with the sterno-mastoideus and 
the cleido-mastoideus. 
The rectus capitis ventralis minor is larger than in the horse. 
The rectus capitis lateralis and longus colli resemble those of the horse. 
The intertransversales are large. From the sixth cervical vertebra forward 
| they form a muscular mass (M. intertransversarius longus) which is inserted into 
the wing of the atlas. 
B. LATERAL GROUP 
The splenius is thin. It arises directly from the first three or four thoracic 
spines, and ends by a thin tendon on the occipital bone, the wing of the atlas, 
_and the transverse process of the axis, blending with the brachiocephalicus, longis- 
simus capitis, and omo-transversarius. The remaining muscles present no very 
marked differential features. 
