THE INTESTINE 463 
the latter is horny, and is shed in large patches in the rumen and omasum. The 
tunica propria is papillated. The mucous membrane of the abomasum is glandular, 
and corresponds to that of the right sac of the stomach of the horse. The fundus 
glands (which are relatively short) occur in that part which presents the large folds, 
while the long pyloric glands are found in the remainder, except about the omaso- 
abomasal orifice, where cardiac glands occur. The mucosa of the fundus gland 
region is very thin as compared with that of the 
horse; toward the pylorus there is an increase in 
thickness. There is a round prominence (Torus 
pyloricus) on the upper part of the pyloric valve. 
Vessels and Nerves.—The blood supply is 
derived from the cceliac artery, and the veins 
go to the portal vein. The nerves come from 
the vagus and sympathetic. Numerous ganglia 
are present in the submucous and intermuscular 
tissue, especially in the reticulum and ceso- 
phageal groove. 
THE INTESTINE 
The intestine of the ox is about twenty 
times the length of the body. It lies almost 
entirely to the right of the median plane, chiefly 
in contact with the right face of the rumen. It 
is attached to the sublumbar region by a com- 
mon mesentery. 
The small intestine has an average length 
of about 130 feet (ca. 40 m.) and a diameter of 
about two inches (ca. 5 to 6 em.). The duo- 
denum is about three or four feet (ca. 1 m.) in 
length. Beginning at the pylorus (usually at the 
ventral end of the eleventh rib or intercostal 
space), it passes dorsally and forward to the 
visceral surface of the liver; here it forms, ven- 
tral to the right kidney, an S-shaped curve (Ansa 
sigmoidea). Thence it runs backward almost to 
the tuber cox, where it turns on itself, passes 
forward alongside of the terminal part of the 
colon, and joins the mesenteric part (jejunum) 
under the right kidney. It is attached to the 
liver by the lesser omentum; the remainder of 
Fie. 396.—LarGce AND SMALL AGGREGATED 
the mesoduodenum is a narrow fold which is Tee in ee op eee on 
largely derived from the right layer of the com- Swati Intestine or Ox (about }4 rat- 
ural size). 
mon mesentery, but at the iliac flexure it comes 
directly from the sublumbar region. The bile 
duct opens in the ventral part of the S-shaped curve. The pancreatic duct opens 
about a foot (ca. 30 em.) further back. 
The remainder of the small intestine is arranged in numerous very close coils, 
which form a sort of festoon at the edge of the mesentery. It lies chiefly in the 
space bounded medially by the right face of the ventral sac of the rumen, laterally 
and ventrally by the abdominal wall, dorsally by the large intestine, and anteriorly 
by the omasum and abomasum. It is not subject to much variation in position, 
but a few coils may find their way behind the blind sacs of the rumen to the left 
side. The terminal part leaves the edge of the mesentery and runs forward be- 
